Pedagogy

Learning is a process that is used to develop the understanding in a person. Learning is very much different from the cramming. Learning is something that creates the concepts in the mind of a person and these concepts are never forgotten. It has been noticed that most of the practitioners and educational policy makers that they ignore the essence of learning. The educational institutes and programs do not make use of the learning models, approaches and theories. Most of the students as well as the practitioners are relying over cramming the text books. Learning is something that holds so much importance for building the personality and behavior of a person. For this reason it should not be taken for granted. The proper learning can only be provided if the basics are strong. In this case, if the right instructions are given then as a result learning will also be appropriate. The assessments can allow finding out that what the level of learning is. The learning should not be lacking because it may create a miserable situation for the education. Learning is something that can be termed as a process as well as a product. The product is attained after going through some processes or methods. These methods have been evolved in order to develop the sense of learning in a person. The understanding of the methods of learning is very important as it provides us the sense of skills, knowledge, behavior, understanding, perception, values and preferences. All these aspects are very important for a person to have a sensible life so for this reason the dissertation holds much importance as it is emphasizing over the learning methods and approaches. The paper is making difference in between the two widely used learning approaches active learning and standard based learning.
Methods of Learning
Various methods of learning are used in different ways and at different places. The advantages and disadvantages of all the learning methods are different. The methods are selected according to the course that is going to be studied. The learning methods can easily make the course interesting for the students. The learning method can have intense impacts over the establishment of perception and thoughts of an individual.  The learning method pushes the students to get involved with the course. All these methods are tested and verified in order to prove the effects, advantages and disadvantages of the particular method.
Research Problem
The dissertation is based on making difference between two different methods or styles of learning. Different styles and methods of learning can be seen and it is necessary to adapt the most appropriate style. The selection of learning method holds much significance as it is responsible for developing the overall behavior of a person. The problem of this research is that most of the students as well as the practitioners are not paying attention towards the selection of learning technique or method. They are just concerned with the text books and the syllabus which is not a right approach. For this reason we are performing this study in which we have taken two most widely used learning techniques or methods. These two methods are standard based learning and the active learning. Although there are other types of learning available but the scope of this dissertation is focused over these two methods. Under this problem domain we can formulate the statement of the problem as under.
What is the difference between standard based learning and the active learning and which technique is better between these two
The research domain is very broad as many other aspects also come under this domain. It is important to understand the different available learning techniques so that better can be chosen. It is necessary because the right learning method will develop the strong bases for the student. Otherwise, the students will be limited to the books. It is not only important for the academic life but also for the practical life as it enhances the knowledge, skills and personality of a person.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to learn about learning, its methods and the impact of learning.  Learning is a skill and it is a continuous process, so, here, we will discuss that how learning can be done in different ways. The basic essence of this study is to direct this generation towards the correct path of learning. Some people think that they are learning for school, but through this study, we want to direct them that we are learning for life, not for school. We want to make clear image on ones mind that learning has different styles. So, children and adults should follow those learning styles according to their mental capability. It is not necessary that if you are studying at school or college then you should learn only to get diploma or a degree. Teachers have made the new system of learning. They completely change the education system. Students are moving in a wrong way. They think that learning is all about degree or a diploma. They just limited the learning process. But, through this study they will have correct understanding of whole learning process. Not only students, this study will be better guide line for teachers that they should bring the basic essence of learning back into the students mind. They should understand that every student has different mental capability and they should manage their learning system according to those capabilities. If the teachers do so then they will be able to get the maximum outcomes of learning.

Learning leads to three outcomes
Be able to know
Be able to do
Be able to explain to others
Through this study, you will understand all of the above outcomes. If teachers and students follow the correct way then every body will be able to know, do and explain to others.
Research Question
This dissertation is to know that why an active learner is much better equipped to learn and use his education compared to a standard based learner
Various experiments have done to prove that active learner is more skillful than standard based learner. Active learner has the capability to think creatively in different dimensions. These capabilities are enhanced with the continuous active process. Active learner engages him in such curriculum that he can get the most of his whole learning. Active learner is sharp-minded. Active learning system equipped the learners to sharp the skills and stimulate the cognitive processes. Their learning system is based on such activities, which makes the brain fast and active. Active learner is prepared for exams any time. Every day is his examination because daily they get some activities to perform at specific deadlines. So, active learner is capable of managing situations in most appropriate way. In the beginning, it is quite difficult to perform different and difficult tasks but once you get into active learning you will enjoy such system. Teachers are qualified and create the environment interesting to wake up the learners mind all the time. This system makes them to become a good problem solver. Because with this system, such activities are engaged, which lead the person to take decisions and solve their problem themselves. This learning is really hard but it last for a long time. It is not a short-term memory. People, who learn with this system, take opportunities to move upward with higher cognitive skills. Standard based learning is entirely different from active learning. The learners belong to standard system are not creative. They are dependent on teachers guidelines. They neither provide feedbacks nor receive. They lack confident because they are not trained to ask something during the classroom. They prefer to keep quite in the classroom. Teachers are responsible to build some abilities themselves but teachers of such learning system prefers to provide them learning material and then take the examinations in the end of the session. Standard based learning is sometimes really boring. Students become non-interested during classes because they are simply provided to write lectures no active participation. So classes become boring. The teachers of standard based learning are qualified but they supposed to pour information in ones mind forcefully in a very short time of the class. Learner from such situations always lacks opportunities because when they face some critical situations in front of them they make their hands off from those situations. They found it as a threat not as an opportunity to avail or gain something. They realize later about those opportunities because their cognitive skills are not that much sharp to pick up the innovative ideas, which makes their life in an upward direction. This dissertation is more focused about active and passive learning is by understanding all of the research analysis, it has become clear than what are the basic differences between the two methods of learning What are the basic pros and cons of active learning as well as standard based learning system. This research question makes the statement that how these methods are applied in different schools and colleges These methods have different implementation procedures, which are normally decided by the administration.
Research Hypothesis
Why an active learner is much better equipped to learn and use his education compared to a standard based learner Make your own hypothesis. In this study you will learn the two methods of learning. These methods are implemented everywhere just to increase the efficiency in students to get more knowledge and information. Now, you make hypothesis that which one is the better option or with which learning method you are more compatible. Then this hypothesis will reach its result.
Active Learning
Active learning plays a very important role in every students life. It means some creativity than listening to a lecture. It helps students to stay remain active through out the year. Active learning means to focus on learning process in the classroom rather than focusing on learning products. It makes the student discovering, processing and applying information, which makes the students, enjoy while learning and it also helps a lot in learning different things. When students involve in active learning higher learning percentage is received. One cannot see anything through a lecture while the objects active learningare talking and describing their self, which is very important for the student. Active learning involves students more in listening and learning. There is a big difference in students of active learning and the students who learn through lectures. In lectures you need to explain the students more than the active learning. Active learning can be applied on all the standards of students. The students of active learnings concepts are clearer than the ones who just attend the lectures by the teachers. Active learning can be done anywhere i.e. in class, outside the class. It helps in developing interest in weak students and helps in improving grades of all students. Students are given an assignment so that they can get their concept clear about the given topic and questions should be asked about the topic. Games like crossword puzzles can be very helpful in active learning. Nowadays, some computer programs help to create individual crossword puzzles. Short and valuable videos should be shown to the students to describe a topic and personal review of each student should be asked after this active learning activity. These videos leave positive impact on mind so in this way, mind become refresh and get prepared to think in most possible ways. All the time, studies make the mind inactive. It is necessary to become pro active rather than reactive. Daily routine lectures and classes diminish the proactive ability of students. They limit themselves and stop thinking in different ways. If a student follows the active learning techniques he will be in continuous learning process. Active learning activities make him in such a way that his mind never stops working in difficult situations and he become more proactive than reactive. Every thing wants change in life so it is better to change yourself either to become a victim of change. Active learning can change your life in many ways it makes you sharp, intelligent, proactive, smart and informative.   Debates also make students active and give a lot of experience. Projects are also a part of active learning. In this, the students have to collect data during class. Students should maintain a personal journal about each and every entry and should be discussed while the specific topic is applied in the class. This will help students in their exams. Concept mapping is also a part of active learning. Students are asked to create visual representations of models and ideas so that they can be shared and discussed in the class. This is also done individually or some times in groups. New information can be acquired through concept mapping. This shows active learning plays a very important role in students career development.  Through these practices teacher try to pour knowledge in empty minds of students. Active learning can make the better interaction between the student and the teacher because it is a two-way conversation. In two conversations, students feel themselves free to explore their own ideas in front of the audience. As we discussed that speech and debate is a part of active learning so in this way students prepare themselves to face the audience. They try to manage all of the required procedures themselves. Presentation or debate helps to learn and explore more relevant material about the topic, so in this way teacher guideline is not enough. Proper implementation on those guidelines is required. By following your mental strength, you can learn more about your debate topic yourself and you can take part actively. Active learning makes the person confident. A person with this type of learning knows that he can make possible solutions in any difficulty.

Active learning can also make you a very good problem solver. When you are in a learning process, the teachers used to give you different situations and case studies to solve out. It is the basic step of your learning when you start finding the solutions of those questions. What these situations and case studies benefits you They can make you to think about those answers with your own intelligence. In this way, you start solving those questions yourself, without anyone help. In the beginning of this active learning technique, you find yourself in a very tough time. You become lazy and inactive because solving those difficult case studies is not an easy job. But, when you start it at once you really going to enjoy these little case studies and difficult situations. Your brain muscles become active and you lead yourself more into those situations. Moving a head, you will face such cases and situations in your real life. May be your real life cases are more complicated than the cases given you in your class. If you already have practice to solve these situations with your own mental capability then it would never be difficult for you to take the best decision in any situation. These case studies prepare you, and your mind to work in an active way. These little learning techniques make you experienced and you can use your experience in your coming life. A student in not always be the student. Sometimes, he is a teacher, he is a parent, and he is a businessman. So these are all learning who makes him to play these different roles in life. Practice makes the man perfect and it is active learning that makes the person to be in continuous practice process. Active learners like to works in groups that is why active learning activities are mostly done in groups like group presentations, project reports, visual representations etc. Group discussion helps a lot in active learning process. In groups, every body explains the topics to each other. If some one has problem in his mind he arise his question and to answer him the person who is explaining the topic need to think actively to solve that question. In-group discussions, every body prepare themselves with the relevant material related to the topic. In these discussions, active learners do not limit themselves for lectures only. They go for more research and information. Research helps them to learn more about those topics and they find themselves confident because then they think that they are prepared enough to face any question. Active learning also generates leadership skills and interpersonal skills in a person. As it is mentioned above that active learner learns confidence to express his views. This confidence is not limited to express views only, but this confidence leads a person to convince any one through his information and thoughts. He can make many followers and he can be a good leader.
Active learning allow learner to be recognized his own strengths. Active learner comes to know his own mental capabilities of doing anything. His strengths make him to be rewarded. Active learning helps to understand that his strengths are at which stage and he can pull his strengths upward by continuous learning. Advantages
Active learning is advantageous in many ways. Active learning requires the complete attention and devotion of the learner so it actually sharps the mental capabilities of the learner. In this learning system, learner should give his potential energy to carry out the whole learning process. The learner gives input then receives output and makes him prepared for the feedback as well. So this learning makes his mind to think in critical situations. It stimulates higher cognitive skills. As students have different learning style so the learner feels free to apply own styles during the learning process. Active learning stimulates the learner to take initiative. Active learning makes a person confident. Learner step by step moves upward. Active learner is more creative than passive learner. Active learner has stream of ideas in mind. His mental strength makes him to go more deep into creation of ideas. Active learner gives more input and they receive maximum output just because of their higher cognitive skills.
Disadvantages
Active learning is not an over night process. It requires a lot of time and energy. Learner found it difficult to manage his time in activities. Sometimes the given tasks are so complicated that it takes a lot of time and energy for its completion. So, till the end of the activity learner may be stressed out. Highly qualified and experienced instructors are required to check and judge the mental capabilities of students and sometimes those instructors may do some mistakes in grading of active learner. In active learning, deadlines are very strict. So, it has become difficult for some students to complete tasks at the given time. In the beginning students feel difficulty in understanding, planning and organizing their activities. It requires time to be experienced enough.
 Standard based learning
Standard based education is traditional learning system. In this learning, students get education through a particular syllabus given by the teachers or instructors. Teachers provide lectures and learning material to the students in the classroom and these students should follow the provided course outline. In the end of the session, students are required to appear in the examination. Teachers provide all of the guideline to the students. In this way, standard based learning provide proper guideline to students that how to manage their syllabus and learning through out the session This learning is actually classroom based learning. Means students have to follow what a teacher said to them. They are hardly supposed to express their own views in front of the people. It is one-way communication, in which teacher is responsible to give all the lectures and syllabus to study. Students should take their classes on the given timings. These timings are already done by the institute or school or college administration. The students of passive learning are not involved into active participation because they do not have such system of doing activities during learning. Students required memorizing the syllabus for the examination. Examination in standard based learning decides grades. So, in this way examination plays very important role because it makes the standard of the school or a college. The teachers judge the capability of every student through these exams. Examination in traditional learning system is taken mostly in written or oral form. No activities, projects or presentations are involved in it. Standard based learning is entirely opposite from active learning.
Instructors make presentations and lectures for the student then this information is poured into the empty minds of the students. Teachers in those standard based learning system have different style of teaching. They are more comfortable with delivering knowledge and information to the students rather than receiving feedbacks. They teach students at their level. As, students have different style of learning so sometimes students face some problems in getting of all the information just in one class. Most of the times feedbacks are not considered by the instructors so students of such traditional based system feel hesitation to say something in front. Students then prepare themselves to simply read the given material and follow the instructions made by the administration of the school or college. Students typically attend the class, note down the lectures and start learning those given material just before exams. They do not play an active role in finding some more information related to the given lecture because they used to think that the material provided in the classroom is quite enough to make their examination clear in the end of the session. They hardly go for books. They only read those books that are referred by the teachers in the class. They limit themselves just to follow the syllabus. Their mental strengths are only judged by the examinations. The student who has got higher marks in the class considered as the A grade student. Such students get rewards or medals by the teachers or administration. These rewards are given to motivate them. Standard based learning is typical learning, which leads the student to base more onto their teachers. (Preskett, 2009)
In standard based learning, large amount of information is transmitted to the students. It is a good to think to teach the students in depth of every topic and every course. The teachers in such system are mostly highly qualified just in order to transmit more and more information to the students in different styles. They gather all of the relevant information regarding the syllabus, as they need to pour that information in the empty minds of students. Now after this, students are responsible to keep the information in their mind not just in their journals. They should try to extend the limits of the given lectures by researching or reading through different books. Daily homework is given to the students to make them busy in working. It makes them to work for longer hours. The deadlines are given for the particular homework and students are highly instructed to follow and submit their homework at the given time.
Advantages
One of the great advantages of learning is that large quantity of information can be transmitted by the lecturer in very short span of time. So, learner receives maximum output from the teacher to get information about the related topics. Teachers prepare their lectures and note themselves. Standards are fixed. Students are well disciplined to follow those rules and policies of the school and college. Students are more comfortable with this method because this method does not stress them out. Learner does not want to take responsibilities so learner feels that teachers are responsible to prepare the lecture. Lectures and material, which are delivered to the learner, are organized and well planned.
Disadvantages
Students hardly get 10 of the total lecture till the end of the session. Learner lacks confident. Higher cognitive skills are not required in standard based learning. In this system, students found very little class or group discussion. They are not independent to do something themselves. They used to rely on teachers and instructors to provide them learning material. They do not get clear concepts of the topic or syllabus. Lectures used to become dry and boring sometimes. Their mental strength is very less than active learners. They cannot bring creativity in their thoughts immediately. They used to memorize things. Practical implementation is almost zero. They do not ask questions to clear their misconception. Learner from such system really feels problem in planning and organizing things till the end of the studies. Such learners cannot manage their time in appropriate dimension. Students learn their syllabus mostly for exams and after they have passed in their examination they clean and refresh their mind to enter the other data. In this way, they fail to get the most of their learning
Significance of the study
This research holds so much importance if we look at todays world. This is a fast moving world. Everybody has to take and adapt the better options for them. Chances are not given everywhere, anywhere. Our skills and our talent make us to be known among people. If we use our skills to avail such chances than we would be able to find better options. This study shows that we can sharp and refresh our mental capacities. Through this study, we got know that we should change ourselves first then to work out on our learning system. Active learning system holds so much importance now days. Business schools are following such learning system. They want their students to think in different dimensions to find out the most possible outcome. As different strategies are applied in business so a person should be skilled full enough to recognize those twists in business. Otherwise in business there is no place for unskilled people. Through this study, it has shown that standard based learning are now limited till schools and colleges. At traditional school system, teachers guide students. They make children to understand and mange situations but proper implementation is lacking there. This study shows that it is necessary for a teacher to prepare and collect information for students. It is good for a teacher, because his knowledge also increases in this way. This study showed that what better options for the student are. A student from active learning is entirely different from a learner of standard based system. A person from standard based learning system when enter in to the active learning process, found so much difficulties in adaptation. As active learning require attention and energy so passive learner in the beginning fails to devote his time completely to his tasks. This study makes the person to realize that time is precious thing and take time in sharpening your skills for your future betterment.
Problems with learning
As we have already discussed in this research that learning is a continuous process, which makes the person to create an ability to know something and it can be done in various ways. In the recent years learning process, has become complicated and suffers various problems. Learning has changed the behavior of individual. It is learning that makes the man a good person. But in recent years some behavioral changes are observed in individuals regarding learning. These changes create some problems and hurdle in the whole learning problem. First problem is attention in recent years individuals start paying attention on too many things at a time. This lack of attention cannot make an individual to focus on his or her own tasks and activities. When a person is in learning process he should try to avoid other activities, which divert his attention from one focused point. So, students used to get into various things at a single time.
Second problem with learning is memory students are not capable enough to maintain their memory through out the learning process. They learn something for a very short time period then prefer to remove out their previous memory in order to enter the new memory in their minds. They used to forget things because of lack of attention. Every problem provide base to another problem. Attention is the root cause, which lacks memory in individuals. They dont even try to think about their memory loss seriously because they do not realize the worth of learning. No doubt, that we can learn in any stage of life but memory helps only at certain stage of age after that it wont help too much in learning process.
Third problem is education when a child enters to the school learning process start for education. At the time, when a child is the student need more focus on his studies otherwise education become difficult to him. Education the torture never stop, usually those students use this phrase that lacks concentration on studies. To solve out these problems the school or college plan such system of learning who help them to retain their concentration on studies. Education is the basic mode of life where learning process actually lies. Experiences are not enough to learn something information is also required to learn about your environment.
Fourth problem with learning is behavior learning is process when a person learns good or bad things both. It changes the behavior of an individual. Behave means to implement things in a way that you learn. Behavior has significance importance. If a person behaves in a good way then he must be treated as good human being.
We should think about these problems in our learning process. All these problems try to eliminate through learning methods. Active learning and standard based learning systems are designed for this purpose. If people really want to be an effective learner then he should know that he should increase his concentration not only for education but also for sports and games. His focus would make him intelligent enough to use his mind critically. Then he would behave appropriately according to his intelligence. Education makes him to deal in business environment. He can use his degree or diploma in order to get the well-positioned job. So, problems are the way to get your success. Comparison between active learning and standard based learning
Active learner restructures the knowledge into new knowledge by practical implementation through activities during the class. In standard learning system lectures are pour into the empty vessels of students to make the informative. Active learner gain about 50of knowledge till the end of the session but the passive learner gained about 10 of knowledge in their mind till the session end. Standard based learning is more about lectures given by the teachers but in active learning the students are supposed to explore things themselves during the class. They are given normally quizzes, assignments and projects to precede their learning process. Standard based learning is one-way or verbal communication between teacher and students but active learning is two-way process, which is also based on feedbacks. In active learning teacher try to implement concepts in real life they want to make clear vision of the concepts but in standard based learning teachers try to complete the course in the given session they are more verbal. Standard based learning is more about discipline and follows the rules and regulations of the school or college. Teachers are highly associated with the term discipline. They tried to maintain manners and discipline in their learners. In active learning, teacher is more conscious about transmitting learning through concept. Teachers are strict about deadlines for a particular activity. Some deadlines are so tough that student found difficulty in performing those tasks. In student based learning students are expected to record, note down and absorb knowledge but in active learning students are expected to make their own deep thoughts about their education. Active learning is dynamic in nature while standard based learning is quite stable in nature it prefers routine based lectures and classes but in active learning routine is not followed. Active learner is prepared to feel the change in his learning programs but passive learner never prepares his mind for a little change in routine. Learning culture between the two learning s in almost different. Standard based learning have proper season for examination in which students are informed sometimes before that examination will held on next month or after 15 days then the learner start memorizing their noted lectures and the learning material provide by the instructor but in active learning examinations are not fixed. Sometimes they grade their students on daily or routine activities. So every student must have to be active through out the session not likely to standard based learning.
Limitations of the study
We have performed this study with full efforts although we tried that there should not be any lack ness left in this study but still we have found that there are some limitations of this study. The major limitation of this study was the shortage of time. The time was not enough to complete this study by collecting our own primary data. The timelines of this research study made us to rely on the secondary data and we were not able to perform the analysis on our own it was desired that more time was provided so that we had surveyed by implementing these learning methods in practical. We would definitely go to hose institutes or schools where standard based learning methods are implemented or where active learning methods are implemented. Then we would take interview of teachers or instructors belong to those learning system. We would also discuss these methods with students and will ask them that which method is a better option for learning. But we could not do all these implementations just because of deadline, which was not so far.

The goal of various studies and researches is to know how secure attachment in infancy is related to the cognitive and social competence in childhood. This paper aims to know how cognitive and social competence is directly related to secure attachment in childhood, focusing on the different processes that exist within the family, school and peer groups.
    Researches show that children, especially infants, are capable of perceiving things. They can respond to a stimulus and be active in any given circumstance especially when interacting with people. According to John Bowlbys theory called Attachment Theory, as long as a primary caregiver is present with an infant, social and cognitive development automatically occurs. This way, attachment starts to exist.
    As the attachment theory suggests, the behavior of a baby connected to attachment is basically defined by the need of closeness to the adult in a stressful event. A baby, for example, is attached to his mother who usually easily reacts when interacting with other people. He is attached to his mother who is with him during his sixth month or second year from the time he was born.
    Adults are used by an infant as attachment figures. Usually, the attachment figures of an infant are the people he is familiar with. These are the people he can return to. He needs them to explore from. These adults are what he considers his secure base. The way these adults respond to circumstances will lead as the guide of the child when it comes to his expectations, thoughts and feelings toward his relationships with other people in the future.
    With people to interact with, an infant is able stick his tongue out or mimic other peoples actions. He can close or open his hand or cry when scared. All of these are signs that the infant is responding to the people around him. He also uses sounds to let people know that he is hurt, hungry or irritated. He is capable of letting other people know about his need for food, comfort and safety even when he is young.
    The physical requirements of a child require the presence of other people. Infants who do not have other people to interact with will most likely fail to co-exist with others or thrive in a community. Children who experience lack of interaction and who are not given the chance to be attached to others, grow depressed, indifferent and withdrawn.
    A baby is involved in exchanges with other people through an attempt to mimic each other with the use of physical gestures. This way, a baby gets fined-tuned for social development, language, and cognitive development as well. Babies need to be attached. The more adults he is attached with, the better.
    Ideally, the mother is that one adult, but with other families, the adult is a godmother, a sibling, an aunt or the father. The adult provides that stimulus to which the baby responds. The baby learns how to respond to various kinds of cognitive and social stimulation with the adult he is attached to provides. This attachment has a crucial role to the cognitive and social development to the child. It defines even the welfare of the infant.
    Attachment is seen in an infant when he is six to nine months old. It is characterized by the baby exhibiting distress when the adult leaves the child. When a child has learned to be affectionate, he is said to be securely attached to the adult. He is securely attached if he grows to be less clingy than other kids. He is capable of exploring his surroundings on his own and showing interest in objects and people.
    Socialization for a child is not only developed with the help of his parents. Even other members of the family have an important role to contribute to the development of the child. Friends and relatives who are close to the parents also influence a childs cognitive and social competence. They all help in reinforcing the values of the child.
    While an infant is developing, adults employ several types of methods for his development. Some parents are permissive, which is characterized by giving low direction or low control to the child. Others are authoritative, where the parents use authority by giving instructions. Still, there are parents who are naturally authoritarian where they yield high control over their children. Some parents use all these leadership styles as they guide their children through his early development.
    Culture has an essential part in the development of a childs social competence. Culture dictates the leadership style of their kids. Because of this, a child is exposed to different patterns of control. For example, if a mother is the verbal type, she is more likely to use instructions when talking to her baby. Children who grew up with verbal parents appear to develop with greater social competence in school, with friends, and of course, inside their very homes.
    When a child is in his toddler stage, he establishes peer relationships, too, which open opportunities for him to learn to understand other people, as well as sustained interaction with them. In 1932, Piaget cited interaction with peers as one of the most important sources of social and cognitive development, especially the development of empathy and role playing. Children learn to distinguish between different kinds of peer relationships in various contexts, such as home, neighborhood, or school. These peer relationships may include very close friends, partners in activities, acquaintances, even strangers.
    Children learn what the self means, as well as other skills related to social interaction through the establishment and maintenance of these different kinds of peer relationships and experiences in society. Conflict in these relationships is also an essential learning tool. Peer interaction among children of different age groups helps to develop the social and cognitive language skills of younger individuals while improving the instructive capacities of older ones.
    As childrens view of social situations and peer relationships become more and more abstract while moving farther away from egocentrism, the development of their social-cognitive faculties and moral judgment starts to parallel their cognitive development. Compared to children in elementary school, preschoolers find it more difficult to distinguish between friends and best friends.
    However, children who are younger are able to give reasons on why they choose not to interact with specific kinds of peers. Children tend to change their perceptions of friendships from 6 to 14 years old. In this span of time, they change their perceptions of friendship from the act of sharing activities to sharing objects or materials from being helpful or generous to others, to eventually seeing friendships as opportunities to show their individuality.
    There are many factors that may limit a childs opportunities to develop his social skills. His connection to the family, school, or neighborhood he belongs in may draw the boundaries around the social skills that he can develop as he grows. Peer interactions in social settings involving mixed race, age, sex, and culture may not occur frequently and may involve differences in activities and expectations, which ultimately limit the diversity of his social experience. The result of this is that the childs social competence in different circumstances becomes limited.
    Educational settings which are formally structured and which primarily involve interaction between a teacher and a group usually result in a smaller number of peer interactions than in educational settings that are less formal. There is less risk for children to be socially isolated in classrooms which encourage activities or projects that are done by peers through collaboration and partnership.
    Several studies have shown the long-term advantages of positive peer relationships and interactions. It has been observed that people who were well-accepted by their peers when they were 9 or 10 years old tend to adjust more effectively in high school and later in adulthood. Less experiences of acceptance during these years usually result in fewer positive experiences with peers, initiating a vicious cycle of rejection by peers.
    There are many effective instructional or educational approaches related to social and cognitive skills that can improve the social competence of children. Approaches such as reinforcement, modeling, pairing of peers and coaching are methods that are the same as the learning processes that adults undergo.
    These instructional strategies can develop the behavioral and social-cognitive skills of children who have a hard time getting accepted by peers, so they can break their vicious cycle of rejection. Through these strategies, children can learn how to better evaluate peer values, expectations, and norms, enabling them to choose actions that will bring them closer to their goal of acceptance by their peers.
    Childrens social development is also affected by social factors. As rates of divorce around the country continue to rise, research is tightening its focus on families who have less and less time to spend with their children. Poverty also limits childrens opportunities for positive social development. More studies should be done on the link between societal factors and child development.
    Therefore, the presence of an adult should never be underestimated especially when it comes to ensuring the healthy cognitive and social development of a child. A childs attachment to an adult should also be filled with security so as not to compromise the quality of relationships an infant will soon encounter in the future. Adults should make sure that their presence in an environment where an infant is present has a good influence on the child, because a child is extremely sensitive to external forces.

    The development of a child from birth till they reach the age of five years old is very critical.  It is not only the physical development of the child that is vital at this early age, but their social and emotional development is also being shaped by what they are learning at this stage. Watching television has become so much a part of todays children daily life, it was said that on the average a particular child is spending more or less eight hours in front of the television.  If this is the case, one can just imagine the impact and influence of this medium of communication to a childs brain development.

    A number of studies have been conducted to explore the effects of watching television on young children.  Is it positively or negatively affecting a young childs brain and language development This is the most common underlying interest that fuelled studies on this particular concern. Although one can argue that delayed in language development cant only be attributed to watching childrens programs on television, and that such is caused by a complex interaction between a childs biological development and the environment that influences his or her personal and cognitive development. This paper will limit its presentation and discussion on the effects of watching television on a young childs language development.

To address the said concern, this paper will then review three studies that look and explore the correlation between watching television and its effects on the language development of young children.  This paper will explore if indeed watching television is detrimental to young childrens language development.

Review of Literature
    An article that was published in Newsweek last August 2007 highlighted the findings of a study conducted by a group of pediatrics from the University of Washington. Results of the study which was published in the Journal of Pediatrics, showed that watching television, in particular children educational and non-educational shows as well like Sesame Street and SpongeBob, respectively, have not contributed much on the language development of the children watching it (Interlandi, 2007). The study even cited that even educational videos that were developed to primarily help or assist in the language development of children have fallen short of the expectation that they will help boost childrens cognitive skills development (Interlandi, 2007).  A comparison between children who are frequently watching the shows and those who doesnt showed that in a set of ninety (90) words, those who are watching TV learned a little less than eight words than children who are not exposed to television. However, researchers raised the concern that instead of answers this study has resulted to more questions (Interlandi, 2007).  The researchers didnt claim that the results of this study is absolute, instead, more studies or researches in this concern were suggested by the researchers. This study was declared just the start of a number of studies that will still be conducted to determine the effects of watching television on the language development of very young children.

    The study entitled Teaching by Listening The Importance of Adult-Child Conversations to Language Development, and was conducted by Zimmerman (2008) have examined the effects of television viewing on the language development of younger children. This study has presented interesting findings with regards to the correlation between watching television and language development of young children. The study was participated by a total of 334 respondents. The sample excluded parents who reported that their children are experiencing delay in language development. The research heavily depends on the active and honest participation of the parents, since the monitoring and reporting of data were done by the parents themselves. Parents, according to Zimmerman (2008) were told to monitor the time their child woke up and the time they go to bed, with the option of not reporting that which they think will intrude the familys privacy. The monitoring and recording were done for a period of six months deploying the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) software (Zimmerman, 2008). Together with a hardware which can fit a small pocket, the software is actually a digital sound analyzer that produces estimates of the childs exposure to adult speech, child speech, and television during the recording period (Zimmerman , 2008). The research also takes into consideration the environment that surrounds the children.  Such environmental factors that are considered in this study are the following homes, playgrounds, schools, and anywhere else where children hear and use language (Zimmerman, 2008).

The study did not only focus on the effect of television on the language development of the child, it also examined the effects of adult-child conversation on the development of the childs language. Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression analyses were the statistical treatment that Zimmerman (2008) applied in the study. The following are the variables that were considered in the study measures of adult word count, conversational turns, and television (Zimmerman, 2008).  Software called Infoture was also used to analyzed the sounds.  This software has the capability to distinguish if the sound comes from a television program or not.

    Results of the study revealed that between adult-child conversation and watching television, the former was proven to be a better means of boosting the language development of the child. Even if parents andor guardians are not actually conversing with the child, a simple act of reading to them a story is already a big boost on the childs language development as compared to the child watching the story being told via a television program or DVD. Watching television alone was proven not helpful at all instead it is even contributing to delays in the language development, even adversely affecting the mathematical skills development, of younger children. According to Zimmerman (2008), television has an adverse affect on the language development of a young child, because it limits the input of the parent andor guardian in the childs language development.  Interaction between adult and a child who is just learning how to speak and comprehend the meaning of the words is very crucial in their language development. The study further emphasized that simply allowing the child to watch television, without provision for communication and interaction with any adult, is actually a very poor measure or means of enriching the vocabulary of young children. Parents and guardians are advised then not to leave the language learning development of their young child on these mediums.

    In summary, the study encourages adult-child conversation over watching television if the parent wished to boost the healthy and effective language development of their young children.

    Third of the study on effects of watching television on younger childrens language development that this paper will present is the other study conducted by Dr. Zimmerman and Dr. Meltzoff (2006). The objective of the study is to determine if there is any relationship between media exposure and language development of children who are under two years old. The scope of this study, in terms of sample size, is much bigger than the previous study that was presented.  A total of 1008 parents with children who are 2 or less than two years old were tapped to participate in this study. The survey was done via telephone. The parents were asked if their young children are watching television shows or DVDs.  If the parent answered yes, what follows next is the identification of the type of program that they normally watched with their young children also watching it. The shows were grouped as follows childrens educational programs or shows in TV (e.g. Sesame Street), childrens non-educational shows (e.g., cartoons like SpongeBob, Bob the Builder, etc.), cartoon network shows, childrens movies on DVDs, baby DVDs, and adult shows or programs (e.g., Oprah) (Zimmerman and Meltzoff, 2006). The only responses that were considered are those where the child is primarily watching the show and not just when the said television program is being shown, but the child is not primarily watching. This is to ensure that only those times that their young child is really paying close attention to what they are watching.

    The tool used to measure the results of this study is the Communicative Development Inventory (CDI).  The Communicative Development Inventory was developed to measure the relationship between childrens language and experimental tests of neural, cognitive, and social development it is a standard language development measurement tool (Zimmerman and Meltzoff, 2006). The statistical test that was used in the study is simple linear regression.

    The results of the study is more of an affirmation of the findings of the first two studies that were presented in this paper, that is watching television is not an effective means of helping the child developed effectively his or her language and communication skills.

    A major finding of the said study is that allowing a young child to view baby DVDs andor videos have a negative effect on their vocabulary development. It is not really that bad to allow young children to view baby DVDs andor videos, but parents are cautioned not to totally depend on it for their childs language development (Zimmerman and Meltzoff, 2006).

    It is also interesting to note that the study have found out that too much time spent on watching baby DVDs andor videos have harmful effects on the childs early language development. This is due to the fact that for the childs brain to develop well, interaction is necessary which is what is missing or not happening when a young child is left alone to learn through television. Simply watching the video doesnt encourage interaction with another individual, in this case an adult who can guide the child on their language development.  The nature of baby DVDs andor videos is more of the absorptive and passive mode on the part of the young child who is viewing it. As highlighted in the previous study presented in this paper, interaction between adult and child is still the most effective means of boosting the language development of a young child.

    Since more younger children are now watching television more than years before, the relevance of the results of the three studies explored in this paper is but timely. It is just but right that parents or guardians be informed of the effects that watching television has on their childs language development. The results of the three studies proved that watching television is indeed detrimental to young childrens language development. Readers of this paper and the three studies should also be informed that there is no specific study that have explored why watching television has such detrimental effect on a young childs language development. Said activity is not helping or boosting at all the language development of very young children who are just starting to learn. Educational DVDs and television programs should not be totally banned by any parent or guardian what this paper would like to stress is that such medium have fallen short of their promise regarding enriching a young childs vocabulary and language development. Given this, parents and guardians should not leave their young childs language development on these mediums of language development tools.

Aside from watching television programs, a neglectful parenting style is also contributory to any delay in language development. As highlighted in one of the three studies that were explored, it have been proven that nothing can be compared to the positive effects of adult-child interactive communication. A number of researches and studies have already proven that a healthy amount of attention given by parents and guardians is an effective means of encouraging younger childrens communication skills development. Active interaction between an adult and a young child is still the best and most helpful means of encouraging healthy and effective language development of a young child.

Aside from the validation of the papers hypothesis that watching television is actually detrimental on the language development of a young child, this paper also presented some issues and findings that needs further probing.  As mentioned already, there is still no specific study or research on the reason(s) why watching television is detrimental to language development. Hence, not all questions have answers already, there is still more to be discovered and explored if one is really to understand and know why watching television has such effect on younger children.

Through this article, authors Case, Fertig, and Paxson take a look at the long term affects of health and economic status on children. Specifically, they conduct research on ways income, education and social class of the parent directly relates to the middle childhood development. Childhood health and circumstance appear to operate both through their impact on initial adult health and economic status (365). The article also takes an in depth look at ways in which parents can overcome these setbacks and help ensure stronger development within their children.

In this journal on child development, the authors explore how the financial situation of the family as well as the surrounding economy effects children going through their middle childhood. Through their research, it was discovered that children have a harder time learning and developing social skills when living in a family where stress is great due to a lack of job or low pay. There are severe consequences of these high rates of poverty on the development of children and on life chances of children when they become adults (188).
Rank, M. R.  Hirschl, T. A. (1999). The Economic Risk of Childhood in America Estimating
the Probability of Poverty Across the Formative Years. Journal of Marriage and Family,
pp.

This journal takes a different look at the way economics will affect children at the middle stages of development as well as in their future adult lives. This article also reflects the dramatic consequences children face when being raised in a family with a low income. Through research and statistical findings, Rank and Hirschl determine that not only will those particular children be delayed in academics and social skills, but they will also most likely find themselves living in poverty before growing out of childhood or at some point in their young adult life. 

Votruba-Drzal, Elizabeth. (2006). Economic Disparities in Middle Childhood Development
Does Income Matter Developmental Psychology, pp.

In this article, Votruba-Drzal takes a look at the economic effects on todays middle childhood development process noting incomes effects in middle childhood have been understudied (1154). With this in mind, the author sets out to discover exactly how the economy and the amount of income a family brings in affects middle childhood development. The article focuses on keys areas such as academic skills and behavioral problems during this time period. Studies revealed that although some children were in fact academically challenged, most displayed far more trouble with behavior. Ways to address such issues are then discussed in detail.

Part I Addressing Learning Problems
    For most students, learning is a fun experience. It gives them the chance to discover new things about the world and themselves, and at the same time, enjoy this experience with their friends. Not all students, however, are the same. The same cannot be said when it comes to students with disabilities, as they  often struggle in school and experience failure and frustration  (p.1). This is because students with disabilities may have different types of deficits including memory, attention, higher-order thinking, and cognitive processing deficits that can make learning difficult for them. As such, they often feel discouraged, and would have low self esteem and lack the necessary motivation to learn and participate in class. Because students with disabilities have a hard time understanding what is happening around them in a way that other students can, they also experience difficulties in socializing.

    It is essential that teachers know how to address such problems involving students with disabilities, as well as how to accommodate them in such a way that they would still be able to enjoy their learning experience and become motivated to learn and share with others.

    Concept formation is one of the things that all students have to learn in order to understand the things that are being taught to them better. It is important for them to determine the defining and non-defining characteristics of the concept being taught. This allows them to discriminate and differentiate what belongs to the concept and what does not. However, students with disabilities may not be able to accomplish this because of language deficits, which can  become barriers for learning both concrete and abstract concepts  (p.2). Teachers can assist students with disabilities by using explicit instructions when teaching new concepts teaching new concepts using the concrete, semi-concrete, and abstract teaching sequence relating new concepts to relevant experiences providing graphic organizers that visually illustrate new concepts using concept books to teach new concepts providing visual experiences to explain new English vocabulary teaching vocabulary words necessary for understanding concepts teaching students to use the visual content of textbooks to understand concepts using picture based software programs to facilitate conceptual understanding providing textbooks in the students native language and incorporate instructional conversations in instruction.

    Memory is also one of the areas that students with disabilities encounter difficulty in. Students with disabilities who experience short term memory problems will have a hard time remembering information while it is being processed. On the other hand, students with disabilities who have long term memory problems tend to forget names, dates, ideas and concepts over a period of time. Learning for students with disabilities, especially in terms of memory functioning, can be a struggle. As much as they want to remember things and be able to participate in class more, they are hindered by their deficits and are not able to learn as much.

    For teachers, it is essential that they understand this problem so that they do not mistake the child as someone who is lazy or inattentive. To better assist these children, they should teach mnemonic strategies review previously taught information use massed practice during the acquisition stage of learning use distributed practice in the maintenance and generalization phases of learning and provide authentic experiences.